chronicle defined
chronicle defined
Looking for a define anime…?
I need an anime list. I want something like Valkyria Chronicles, yet at the same time kind of about school. I really hate ecchi animes, where the chest of females are over sized and theres like love triangles that go over and above the normal human range. So PLEASE none of that. Also, bleach, naruto, blah blah blah, read them, watched them…. =.=” to much about them. Don’t post it xD
Thank you!
Shuffle
School Rumble
To heart
Boys: BE
Suzuka
chronicle defined
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
Experimentation is the most scientifically sophisticated research method. It is defined as observation under controlled conditions. It studies observable changes that takes place in order to establish a cause and effect relationship. It is the description and analysis of what will be what will occur or what can be made to occur under carefully controlled conditions. Experimentation consists in the deliberate and controlled modification of the condition determining an event, and in the observation and interpretation of the changes that occur in the vent itself.
“Experimental research provides a systematic and logical method for answering the question”.
When one engages in experimental research, one does not merely describe a condition, determine the status of something, or chronicle past events. Instead of confining activities to observing and describing what exists, one deliberately manipulates certain factors under highly controlled conditions to ascertain how and why a particular condition or event occurs.
Experimentation is a type of educational research in which the investigator controls the educative factors to which a child or group of children is subjected during the period of inquiry and observes the resulting achievement. He must start the experiment with some measurement of the initial attainment of the group to the experimental factor, such as the particular type of drill material in arithmetic, for the duration of the experiment. At the end, he applies a final test for the purpose of determining the gain in achievement that has resulted from the application of the experimental factor.
Experimental method is the application and adaptation of the classical method of the science laboratory.
It may also be defined as the study of the relationships among variables those manipulated and those measured. It simple enables the researcher to improve the conditions under which the researcher observes and thus to arrive at a more precise results.
BASES OF EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
The law of single variable formulated by J.S.Mill must be satisfied in every experiment.
The law state that if two situations are similar in every respect and one element is added to or subtracted from situations are one but not the other, any different that develops is the result of the operation of that element added or subtracted.
INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES
If a hypothesis and its deduced consequences are well conceived, two factors are precisely identified:
1. An independent variable, and
2. A dependent variable.
Some investigators apply different names to these factors such as
- Cause and effect
- Stimulus and response
- Antecedent and consequent
- Experimental variable and behavior variable
- Treatment and effect.
VARIABLES are the conditions or characteristics that the experimenter manipulates or observes.
The INDEPENDENT VARIABLE are the conditions that the experimenter manipulates in his attempt to ascertain their relationship to observed phenomena. E.g.; teaching method, teaching material, reward, etc.
The DEPENDENT VARIABLES are the condition that appear, disappear or change as the experimenter introduces, removes or changes independent variables. E.g.; the test score, number of errors, etc.
The experimenter constructs an experiment in which he attempts to control all conditions except the independent variable which he manipulates.
ORGANISMIC OR ATTRUBULE VARIABLES are characteristic which cannot be altered. Eg; age, sex, race, etc.
INTERVENING VARIABLES are variables which cannot be measured directly but have a significant role or effect on the outcome. E.g.; motivation, fatigue, anxiety, etc.
EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES are the uncontrolled variables which are not manipulated by the experimenter but influence the dependent variable. Eg; teacher competence, enthusiasm, etc.
CONTROL OF THE EXPERIMENT
Experimentation is a controlled observation. The most important task that the researcher faces in an experiment is to achieve control over all factors that affect the dependent variable.
PURPOSES OF CONTROL
- Intervening variables are isolated so that they may affect the dependent variable.
- Not only intervening variables are to be isolated but it is also to be ascertained how much it contributed.
- The magnitude is not only ascertained in terms of larger or small but also in quantitative terms.
DEGREE OF CONTROL
It has to be remembered that in educational research high degree of control is not possible in laboratory situation.
METHODS OF CONTROL
The researcher directs efforts towards controlling the variables which are related to the independent variable otherwise it will be difficult to ascertain which is responsible for effect on dependent variable. The following methods are used for controlling.
- Random assignment of subjects.
- Matching subjects with random assignments.
- Random assignment on the basis of homogenous selection.
- Techniques of analysis of co-variance.
- Method of using subjects as their own controls.
MANIPULATION
In the experimental method manipulation is done to set the stage for the occurrence of the factor whose performance is to be studied under conditions in which all the other factors are controlled. Variables which can be manipulated may be method of teaching, attitudes, socio-economic status, classroom environment, personality characteristics and types of motivation.
OBSERVATION
Another element of the experimental method is that the effect of the manipulation of independent variable on the dependent variable is studied or observed. The technique of observation is to be applied if measurement is not possible.
REPLICATION
In spite of attempts of controlling extraneous variables, some extraneous variable and some discrepancies remain and influence the results. Thus replication is a matter of conducting a number of sub-experiments within the framework of an overall experimental change.
EXPERIMENTAL VALIDITY
Two types of validity are involved
- Internal validity:
It is the minimum without which an experiment is useless. The crucial point is whether the independent variable created the effect on the dependent variable. It means that some uncontrolled extraneous factors do not affect the dependent variable.
- External validity:
The crucial point is what is the applicability of the findings beyond the limits of particular experiment.
TYPES OF EXPERIMENTS
Experimental method takes various forms. The most important and commonly used forms are as follows.
LABORATORY EXPERIMENT
The law of the single variable has always provided the basis for this. In this experiment the investigator creates a situation with the exact condition he wanted to have and in which he controls some and manipulates other variables. The major difference between field experiment and laboratory experiment is that of the nature of setting and degree of control.
- Artificially created and naturally subjected to greater control and manipulation.
- Formidable apparatus.
- Because of artificiality of the laboratory any conclusion based on laboratory experiment has to be verified before being implemented or extended to the general population.
FIELD EXPERIMENT
In field experiments data is appraised in the field which is its natural setting. This is frequently seen in experiments in social sciences like education and psychology.
Greenwood mentions the pure, the uncontrolled, the trial and error, the ex post facto form of experiment and the controlled observational study.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
Experimental design is the blue print of the procedures that enable the researcher to test hypothesis by reaching valid conclusions about relationships between the independent and the dependent variables. Experimental designs vary in complexity and adequacy depending on such factors as the nature of the problem under investigation, the nature of data, the facilities for carrying out the study, and especially the research sophistication and competence of the investigator.
SINGLE – GROUP DESIGN: (One group method)
It consists of comparing the growth of a single group under two different sets of conditions – i.e., of subjecting the group successively to an experimental and to a control factor equivalent periods of time and then comparing the outcomes.
Procedure:
- Test the group; introduce method A; test the group again; and note the gains.
- Allow for a period of transition.
- Test the group again; introduce method B; test the group once more; note the gains.
- Compare the gains in 1 and 3.
Advantages:
ü It permits the experiment to be conducted by teacher in his own classroom without assistance.
ü It seems to make a fair attempt at equating the factors.
Limitations:
û It fails to control many non-experimental variables.
û The students may not be equally motivated by the two methods nor the teacher equally effective and enthusiastic about both.
The one group method unless handled with great care, the experiment may easily give undue credit to the independent variable causing changes and overlook other conditions.
PARALLEL – GROUP DESIGN: (Equivalent-group method)
It is designed to overcome certain difficulties encountered in the one-group design. Here the relative effects of two treatments are compared on the basis of two groups which are equated in all relevant aspects. The second group which is called the control group serves as a reference from which comparisons are made. The basic group design is as follows:
Experimental Control
- Pre-test Pre-test
- Experimental factor Control factor
- Final test Final test
- Comparison of gains
ROTATION-GROUP DESIGN:
When the experimental and control group are only approximately equivalent in relevant factors, it may be possible to conduct investigation by rotating the groups at periodic intervals. It is commonly employed in situations where a limited number of subjects are available.
Stage 1 Stage 2
Group A: IV1 Group A: IV2
Group B: IV2 Group B: IV1
Thus the researcher applies the same independent variables to different groups at different times during the experiment.
FACTORIAL DESIGN:
This method permits the simultaneous evaluation of the effects of a number of factors taken singly and in interaction with one another. Among the more common approaches to multi-variate analysis are Latin squares, Greek squares, randomized blocks and confounding designs. Multivariate analysis constitutes in most cases, a more effective approach than the traditional method. Because of complexity these experimental designs require knowledge of statistics.
MAJOR STEPS IN THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
The procedures of an experiment are to be executed with the greatest care; otherwise the experimental process becomes valueless. The following list will give a more comprehensive picture of the work one may have to do:
- Identifying, defining and delimiting the problem: the problem should be amenable to experimentation. The variables to be investigated should be defines in operational terms.
- Reviewing the literature: after selecting the problem, the related literature and experiments should be reviewed and the method of approach or the experimental design to be pursued should be planned and outlined.
- Formulating hypothesis and deducing the consequences: the problem has to be converted into a hypothesis that can be verified or refuted by the experimental data.
- Drawing up the experimental design: this section should place primary emphasis on the questions of control, randomization, replication, place of the experiment, duration of the experiment, selecting of constructing and validating instruments to measure the outcomes of the experiment, and conducting pilot or trial run tests to perfect instruments or designs.
- Defining the population: it is necessary to define the population precisely so that there can be no question about the population to which the conclusions are to apply. It may consist of selecting a sample of subjects to represent a given population, and grouping or pairing subjects to secure homogeneity.
- Carrying out the study: it is necessary here to insist on close adherence plans and experimental design. This will involve controlling variable or non-experimental factors, applying the experimental factor or factors, and keeping a careful record of steps in the procedure.
- Measuring the outcomes: careful consideration must be given to the selection of the criterion on the basis of which the results are to be measured.
- Analyzing and interpreting the outcomes: the results pertaining to factors under study should be clearly noted. The danger of other extraneous uncontrolled factors affecting the experiment should be properly recognized and avoided. The analysis of data demands expert use of statistical procedures. Only then the analysis becomes the basis for valid interpretation.
- Drawing up the conclusion: the conclusions of the study must be restricted to the population actually covered; care must be taken not to over generalize the results. The results also pertain only to the condition under which they were derived. Care must be taken to restrict the conclusions to the conditions actually present in the experiment. The experimenter must not fail to recognize the limitations underlying his conclusions.
- Reporting the results: the study should be reported in sufficient detail so that the reader can make judgment as to its adequacy.
About the Author
REFERENCE :
Kothari .C.R. (2004).Research methodology,New Delhi:New age international Pvt Ltd,publishers.
Beat,John.W.Research in education,New Delhi:Prentice hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
Siddhu.K.S.Methodology of Research in education.
ONLINE REFERENCE:
http://www.answers.com/topic/exploratory-research
http://www70.homepage.villanova.edu/hae-kyong.bang/06-exploratory rsch.PPT
www.nc3rs.org.uk
http://www.experiment-resources.com/experimental-research.html
An Outline of Chapter 41: “Descriptive Research Methodologies”
(N. N. Knupfer and H. McLellan, from Jonassen)
what music genre does this fall under?
i really like music from movies such as “the chronicles of narnia” “lord of the rings” “troy” “alexander” and other similar titles where there is alot of instrumental music and orchestra. i was wondering however if there was a particular genre to define these kind of music other than “soundtrack score”
They are simply soundtracks or scores. These conglomerations of songs are not true soundtracks; instead, they often are referred to as songtracks.
There are so many symphonic soundtracks to listen to that are overlooked or even forgotten. Here are some composers and scores that you might try if you enjoy this type of music. Fully orchestrated scores used to be the norm.
MAX STEINER:
King Kong (original)
Gone With the Wind
BERNARD HERRMANN:
Jason & the Argonauts (original)~one of my all-time favorite films and soundtracks
Obsession
Psycho (1960)
Citizen Kane
MIKLOS ROZSA:
The Thief of Bagdad (1940)
Spellbound
Quo Vadis
Ben-Hur
King of Kings
Time After Time
BASIL POLEDORIS:
Conan the Barbarian~spectacular music!
RoboCop
Starship Troopers
JOHN ADDISON:
Tom Jones (1963)~rather playful-sounding; perhaps not what you’re looking for
Swashbuckler~I love the track from this great pirate film!
The Seven Percent Solution (sometimes “Per-Cent”)
Joseph Andrews
Strange Invaders
MAURICE JARRE:
Doctor Zhivago
Lawrence of Arabia
Gambit
The Man Who Would Be King
Ghost
JOHN WILLIAMS:
Schindler’s List’
Star Wars saga
E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial~Steven Spielberg was so impressed with this score that he actually had the film edited to match the music. People say that this is perhaps the most manipulative music ever written, meaning that in a good way.
From “Jaws” to the present, you can’t go wrong with John Williams!
JAMES HORNER:
Battle Beyond the Stars
Aliens
Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan
JOHN BARRY:
The Deep
Somewhere in Time~Some consider this one of the most beautiful scores ever written.
The Black Hole
a number of Bond films~~Many of the early James Bond films have remarkable soundtracks.
KLAUS BEDELT:
Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl
HOWARD SHORE:
Lord of the Rings trilogy
ALAN SILVESTRI:
The Mummy Returns
Death Becomes Her
Van Helsing
All of these composers have created many more orchestral works than I could list. If you enter a name, IMDB will list all films that person scored. I’m aware that I’m leaving off some wonderful composers AND soundtracks. If you’re curious, feel free to email me for more names and scores.
Sadly, when they started adding songs to soundtracks, fewer of these lush, gorgeous scores of yesteryear have been created.
Libertarian Franklin Perez – October 2009 Seminole Chronicle Interview (Part 1 of 6)
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